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Computer Troubleshooting Part III

02.30 |

Caused By Slow Computer Hard Disk

Computers which originally was normal, after use a few months turned out to be slow. After the check was caused by a hard disk.

Solution:

Hard disk management can cause the computer to be slow.

Check the hard disk capacity is still a lot of empty or nearly full. To check all the drives on your hard disk follow these steps. Open the Control Panel> Administrative Tools> click Computer Management.
Computer Management window open> select Storage> select Disk Management. All drives can be seen how much capacity is still empty and still in use.

If the hard disk capacity has begun to fully do the cleaning the hard disk (disk cleanup).
Still from the Computer Management window> select the drive yangakan cleared> right click> Properties. Properties window pops up drive> select the General tab> click Disk Cleanup. Wait a few moments after that will appear the windows Disk Cleanup. Check the files that are not needed so that the delete by the system. Click Ok.

If your hard disk is still full, then you need to remove the files or install programs that are not used / needed.

Order files can cause irregular arrangement of the hard disk into a mess.

To tidy do defrag your hard disk.

Steps are as follows:

Go to Computer Managemant > Storage > Disk Defragment > select the drive you want to defrag > Defragment.

Errors that occur on your hard disk.

To view and fix hard disk errors can use the following steps:

Right-click the drive in question > Properties > select the Tools Tab > Check Now.
Enable the option and then click Start.

Uninstalling stubborn Flashdisk

The flash is over used and will be removed from the computer system. It was removed from the tray icon but still refused to come out.

Solution:

Make sure that no files from the flash that is run or the process associated with the flash is running. You can go into the windows task manager to make sure by pressing the key combination Ctrl + Alt + Del. On the Application tab locate the file from the flash that is running, after See you select the file and click End Task.

On the Processes tab make sure there is no process associated with the flash is running. If there is a select process and click End Process.
Try via Windows Explorer > Right click the drive in question > Eject.

Ikon Removable Hardware Not Appear in System Tray

You want to let go of the flash, external hard disk connected via USB port. Apparently there is no remove hardware icon system tray.

Solution:

Run Windows Explorer> right-click the hardware in question> Eject.

If you kurangpuas and want to find the Safety Remove Hardware then the following steps: Run the windows explorer> right click the hardware in question> Properties.

Appears properties window and then select the Hardware tab select the hardware in question> Properties.
Appears window Device Properties> Policies tab> click the Safely Remove Hardware.

After the Safely Remove Hardware window appears> select the hardware that is> click Stop.

Always On Time Computer System Changed

This case was caused by the CMOS battery is discharged. Therefore replace the CMOS battery with new ones. CMOS battery can be found at computer stores.

Long Beep Beep 1 Time

After pressing the power button long audible beep 1 time. Computers do not want to go into the operating system.

Solution:

Turn off the computer and disconnect the electric current to the computer.
Beep a long time because there is a problem in memory.
Beep Beep and the error code depends on the model used by the motherboard bios. Remove the memory card from its slot, then clean the brass plate in memory.
Clean up all the memory slots with a soft brush.
Replace the memory card into its slot correctly.
If you can not try a memory card plugged into another slot.
Make sure the memory card in good condition, it can be tried by installing a memory card into another computer that has the same slot. If the memory is turned off, with a new.

Beep Beep 1-Short Length and 3 Times

After pressing the power button audible beeps 1 time and 3 times the length short. Computers do not want to go into the operating system.

Solution:

Turn off the computer and disconnect the electric current to the computer.
Beep I times and 3 times the length of the short is because there is a problem in the graphics card. Beep beep and an error code depending on the model used by the motherboard bios.
Remove the graphics card (VGA card) from its slot, then wipe the graphics card with a soft brush and also clean the brass plate.
Clean up all graphics slots use a fine brush. Replace the graphics card into its slot correctly.
Make sure your graphics card in good condition, it can be tried by installing a graphics card into another computer that has the same slot.
If the graphics card was dead, replace with new.

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Computer Security Issues

03.02 |

Security problem is one of the most important aspects of information systems darisebuah. Security issues often receive less attention from the designer and manager of information systems. Security issues were often in the sequence after the display, or even in order terakhirdalam list of things that are considered important. If disrupt system performance, security concerns are often ignored, even abolished. So this discussion to provide an overview and comprehensive information about the security of information systems and sekaligusdapat assist the designer and manager of information systems in securing its information systems.

Information determines almost every element of human life. Information is very important for life because without the information then almost all of them can not be done well. For example, if we buy a flight ticket and pay by credit card, information about us will be stored and collected and digunakanoleh banks and airlines. Similarly, when we buy medicines at pharmacies. We must get a prescription from a doctor and give the prescription to the pharmacy waiter. Prescription is a physician information submitted to the pharmacy about the drug that we need.

There are few things that can be carried out at the modern world without involving the collection, exchange, manufacture, or accessing information. Currently, information has become a very important commodity. Some even say that we already are in an information-based society. Kemampian to access and provide information quickly and accurately becomes very essential for an organization, both commercial organizations (companies), universities, government agencies, and individuals (private). This is made possible by the development center in the field of computer technology and telecommunications. Or also known as end user computing. Drivers munculnyaend user computing is the increasing human knowledge about computers, many information services are available, hardware is cheap, and many software available in the market.

Progress inform the system provides many benefits for benefits for human life. Still, too many negative aspects. As computer crimes which include theft, fraud, extortion, competition, and many others. Fall of information to other parties, such as business opponents, can cause harm to the owner of the information. For example, many information-owned companies, such as information about the products currently in development, algorithms and techniques used to produce the product. For the security of information systems used must be guaranteed within certain limits.

At the time of end user computing, nearly all aspects of society using computer-based information systems, especially the younger is also information obtained by adannya computer network, such as LAN (Local Area Network) and Internet, which all are providing information quickly and accurately.

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Cryptography Algorithm part II

02.15 |

The Types of Cryptography Algorithm

Cryptographic algorithm is divided into three sections based on the key he was wearing:
1. Symmetry Algorithm (using one key for encryption and decryption.
2. Asymmetry algorithm (using different keys for encryption and decryption).
3. Hash Function (one-way function).

1. Symmetry Algorithm
This algorithm is often called the classical algorithm because it uses the same key for encryption and decryption activities. This algorithm has been there since over 4000 years ago. When sending a message by using this algorithm, the recipient should be informed of the key messages from the message in order to decrypt messages sent. Security of the message that using this algorithm depends on the key. If the key is known by someone else then that person will be able to decrypt encrypted messages. The algorithm uses symmetric key among which are: - Data Encryption Standard (DES), - RC2, RC4, RC5, RC6, - International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), - Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), - One Time Pad (OTP), - A5, and so forth.

2. Asymmetry Algorithm
Asymmetric algorithms are often also called public key algorithm, with the meaning of the keywords they used to do encryption and decryption are different.

In asymmetric key algorithm is divided into two parts, namely:

Public key (public key): The key may be known by everyone (unpublished).
Secret Key (private key): The key is kept secret (should only be known by one person).

The keys are related to each other. With the public key to encrypt a message but can not decrypt. Only someone who has a secret key that can decrypt the message. Algorithm asymmetry can send messages with more secure than symmetric algorithms.

Example:
Bob sends a message to Alice using asymmetric algorithms. Things to do are:
- Bob membritahukan public key to Alice
- Alice encrypts the message using Bob's public key.
- Bob decrypts the message from Alice with his secret key.
- Vice versa, if Bob wants to receive the message to Alice.

The algorithm that uses public key among which are:
- Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA),
- RSA,
- Diffie
- Hellman (DH),
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC),
- Quantum Cryptography, and other sebagainnya.

Digital Signature

3. Hash Functions
Hash function is often called one-way hash function (one-way function), message digest, fingerprint, and compression functions and message authentication code (MAC), is a mathematical function that takes variable length input and convert it into a binary sequence of length dengn fixed. Biasannya hash function is needed if you want to create a fingerprint of a message. Fingerprints on a message is a sign that the message actually originated from the person desired.

Classical and Modern Cryptography

Classical Cryptography Is an algorithm that uses one key to secure data. This technique has been used several centuries ago.

Two basic techniques commonly used in the algorithm of this type are as follows:
- Technical Substitution: Replacement of all-original text characters with other characters.
- Engineering transposition (permutation): Performed by using permutation characters.

Modern Cryptography Modern cryptography has a complexity that is very complex due to be operated using a computer.
Encoding Process How it works is very simple coding system, can dianologikan with wood, machinery, wood powder. Wood is used as a raw material for making wood dust, and to make the necessary powder machine maker.

Wood is the original text, while the engine is a cryptographic algorithm, while for the powder-making process needs action, which action is the key and sawdust is a text-code.

Stages of the process of cryptography or coding system is as follows:
- It takes algorithm, as a sequence of steps to perform encryption.
- Key, a value that is used in the algorithm so that the algorithm can work.

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IT Sector Legal Framework

02.07 |

Crime in the IT field in general consists of two groups, namely:

1. Ordinary crimes that use IT as a tool help him. Theft of money or purchase goods using credit cards Theft via the Internet can call the victim in the jurisdiction of another country, something that rarely happens in conventional crime.

2. Crime emerged after the introduction of the Internet, where computer system as a victim. Examples of this group is the destroyer of evil website, sending of viruses or computer programs whose purpose damaging computer work system objectives.

Characteristics of activity on the Internet:

1. Transboundary nature, so that is no longer subject to territorial boundaries.
2. Systems based on territorial boundaries cukupmemadai deemed not to answer the legal issues arising from activities on the internet.

Principles and Legal Approaches

The term cyber law is defined as the equivalent word of Cyber Law, which is currently used internationally to the legal terms associated with the use of IT. Another term is also used in IT Law (Law of IT), Law of the Mayan World (Virtual World Law) and Mayantara law.

Although it is a virtual cyber activities can be categorized as acts and legal acts are real. Judicially to cyber space no longer the same size and traditional legal qualifications. Virtual cyber activities are activities that have very real even though the evidence is purely electronic equipment. Thus the subject the perpetrator must be qualified as well as people who have committed acts of law in practice.

Three Approaches to maintain Security in Cyberspace:
1. Technology Approach;
2. Socio-cultural-ethical approach;
3. Legal Approach.

Three Jurisdictions International Law:
1. Jurisdictions enacted legislation (the jurisdiction of prescribe);
2. Law enforcement jurisdiction (the jurisdiction to enforcve);
3. Jurisdiction sue (the jurisdiction to adjudicate).

Principle of International Law Jurisdiction:
1. Subjective territoriality;
2. Objective territoriality;
3. Nationality;
4. Passive nationality;
5. Protective principle;
6. Universality.

Cyberlaw Scope Regarding the legal aspect:
1. e-commerce;
2. Trademark / Domain;
3. Privacy and security on the internet (Privacy and Security on the Internet);
4. Copyright (Copyright);
5. Defamation (Defamation);
6. Setting the content (Content Regulation);
7. Settlement of Disputes (Settlement Dispel).

IT Utilization settings should implemented with the aim to:

1. Support the unity and integrity of the nation and the intellectual life of the nation as part of the world information society;
2. Supports the development of trade and national economy in order to improve people's welfare and national economic growth;
3. Support the effectiveness of communication by utilizing IT to achieve the optimal fairness and legal certainty;
4. To provide the broadest opportunity to each to develop thinking and competence in the field of IT rangkamenghadapi responsibly in the world of IT development.

The scope of IT law violations:

1. Leveraging IT to such unlawful to harm, injure or eliminate property and even lives of others;
2. Doing interception (to prevent / resist) to communications traffic data;
3. Deliberately damaging disturbing data stored in electronic data storage devices are organized as part of a computer system;
4. Intentionally omit electronic evidence that can be used as valid evidence in court contained in an information system or computer system;
5. Intentionally damage or interfere with information systems, computer systems, computer networks and the Internet;
6. Leveraging IT to defraud, incite, defamatory, dropping the name of either person or organization;
7. Leveraging IT to disseminate images, text or a combination of the two properties that contain pornography; 8. Leveraging IT to help the experimental or conspiracy that leads to crime;
9. Any legal entity providing an Internet access or operation of IT services, whether for commercial purposes as well as internal corporate purposes, deliberately do not keep or not to provide electronic transaction records for a period of at least two years.

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Cryptographic Algorithm

06.36 |

Judging from its origin, the word algorithm has an interesting history. This word appears in the Webster dictionary until the end of 1957. Algorism word means in Arabic the calculation process. Algorithm derived from the name of a famous Arab author, namely Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khuwarizmi (al-Khuwarizmi read by Westerners as algorism).

Algorism words gradually transformed into algorithms.
Terminology definition algorithm is a sequence of logical steps to solve problems systematically arranged. Cryptographic algorithms is a logical steps how to hide messages from people who are not entitled to any message.

Cryptography algorithm consists of three basic functions, namely:

1. Encryption:
It is very important in cryptography, the security of data sent to kept confidential. Original message is called plaintext, which is converted into code that is not understood. Encryption can be defined by cipher text or code. Similarly, we do not understand a word then we will see it in the dictionary or glossary. Unlike the case with encryption, to change the original text-text-code to the form we use an algorithm that can encode the data we want.

2. Decryption:
the opposite of encryption. The encrypted message is returned to the original form (text-native), called the decryption messages. Digunkan algorithm is different from the algorithms used for encryption.

3. Key:
is the key to encrypt decryption. The key is divided into two parts, a secret key (private key) and public key (public key).

The security of cryptographic algorithms depends on how the algorithm works. Therefore, such an algorithm called algorithm is limited. The algorithm used merupakanalgoritma limited group of people to hide messages they send. If one of the members of the group's exit from the group, then the algorithm used is replaced with new ones. If not then it can become problems day later cryptography .

Security of modern cryptography with secret keys obtained from someone else owned, without having to keep the algorithm itself. The key has the same function with a password. If the overall security of the algorithm depends on which key is used then the algorithm can be published and analyzed by others. If the algorithm has published biased solved in a short time by another person it means that the algorithm is not safe to use. In the following discussion will explain the various kinds of cryptographic algorithms in existence.

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Computer Troubleshooting Part III

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Cryptography Algorithm part II

IT Sector Legal Framework

Cryptographic Algorithm